ABSTRACT
Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) induced by the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine is characterized by thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. Positivity for the anti-platelet factor 4-antibody is related to TTS pathophysiology, similar to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Although TTS is very rare, with an incidence of almost 1/100,000 cases, physicians need to keep in mind this adverse reaction that can lead to serious symptoms and death. Prompt treatment should be initiated in cases of suspected TTS.
Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , COVID-19 , Thrombocytopenia , Thrombosis , Anticoagulants/adverse effects , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19 Vaccines/adverse effects , Heparin/adverse effects , Humans , Thrombocytopenia/chemically induced , Thrombocytopenia/diagnosis , Thrombosis/chemically inducedABSTRACT
Cerebrovascular disease and vasculitis-related diseases have been reported as systemic complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A proposed underlying mechanism is that SARS-CoV-2 infects vascular endothelial cells via the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and causes inflammation. Cerebrovascular disease and vasculitis are often observed in severe COVID-19 cases, and they may be associated with critical systemic conditions, such as the cytokine storm and thrombotic tendencies. Several other mechanisms have been proposed, and diverse pathological conditions may be associated with COVID-19-related cerebrovascular disease and vasculitis. Clarifying the pathophysiology and establishing a better therapeutic regimen will facilitate favorable outcomes.